After the Second Vatican Council in 1962 at the latest, action artists in the fields of music, literature, theatre and painting took over moments of Catholic ritual and liturgies. The arts became secular successors of the churches. They remained the last field of metaphysical self-exaltation for enlightened Westerners. One of the earliest confirmations of this tendency, which continues to this day, was the Hamburg line of December 1959, now part of the Hundertwasser exhibition in the Leopold Museum. Bazon Brock carried these movements into action and theory.